Epidemics Throughout History

Back to Course Catalog
Course Objectives
Explain the difference between epidemic and pandemic
Describe the Historical context of epidemics and their impact on society 
Discuss their role in infection control and bloodborne pathogen policy
Explain the origin, reservoir history, and the mode of transmission
Discover the Phlebotomist’s role in public health and preparedness for future pandemics
Course Content
Course Creator: Kirsten Hermens NCMA-P
Total CE Hours: 1 Credit Hour 
Pace Course #: 586-2117-25

Key Terms: 
  • Pathogen 
  • Blood-borne pathogens
  • Plague 
  • Reservoir 
  • Mode of Transmission
  • Airborne Transmission 
  • Droplet Transmission
  • Vector-Borne Transmission 
 
Outline:
 
  • Introduction
  • Key Terms
  • Epidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic
    • Epidemic 
    • Pandemic 
    • Endemic
  •  Epidemics Throughout History
  • Early History Epidemics
    • Plague of Athens 430 B.C. 
    • Antonine Plague (A.D. 165-180) 
    • Plague of Justinian (A.D. 541-542) 
  • The Middle Ages
    • The black death
  •  Early Modern Period 
    • The Great Plague of London (1665 to 1666) 
    • The Third Plague Pandemic (1855) 
    • Russian Flu (1889 -1894)
  •  20th Century 
    • American Polio Epidemic (1916)
    •  Spanish Flu (1918)
    •  Asian Flu (1957)
    •  Hong Kong Influenza (1968-1969)
    •  HIV/AIDS (1981)
    •  Smallpox
  •  The 21st Century 
    • SARS (2003)
    • H1N1 Swine Flu Pandemic (2009-2010)
    • Ebola Epidemic (2014-2016)
    • COVID-19
  • Impact on Infection Control & Bloodborne Pathogen Policies 
    • Black Death (1347-1351) 
    • Smallpox (Various outbreaks) 
    • Spanish Flu (1918-1919)
    •  HIV/AIDS (1981)
    •  COVID-19 (2019-present)
  •  Influence on Phlebotomy and Infection Control Policies
  • Role of Phlebotomists in Epidemics
    • Essential Data Collection
    •  Early Detection and Monitoring
    •  Vaccine Development
    •  Support for Treatment Decisions
    •  Epidemiological Research
  •  Epidemics influencing changes in phlebotomy and infection control practices:
    • Smallpox
      • Vaccinations for high-risk employees 
      • PPE for airborne precautions 
      • Strict protocols and safety measures are enforced for blood draws
    •  HIV/AIDS
      • Implementation of Universal Precautions
      •  Enhanced Protective Gear
      •  Sharps Safety Improvements
      •  Training and Education
      •  Testing and Consent
    •  SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
      • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
      •  Strict Adherence to Hygiene Practices
      •  Isolation Protocols
      •  Specimen Collection Procedures
    •  Swine Flu (H1N1)
      • NIOSH's Role in Worker Safety
      •  Enhanced Respirator Certification
      •  Safety Protocols for Phlebotomists
      •  Specimen Handling Procedures
    •  Ebola
      • Specialized Training
      •  Specimen Collection Protocols
      •  Laboratory Procedures
      • Infection Control Protocols in EVD Care
    • COVID-19
      • Infection Control Measures
      • Environmental Changes
      • Mandatory Vaccinations 
      • Policy Introduction
      •  Impact and Compliance
      •  Legal and Ethical Considerations
      •  Changes in Specimen Collection Protocols
    • Challenges Faced by Phlebotomists 
      • Technological and Procedural Innovations
  • Conclusion

 
References: 
  1.  (2022). A Fundamental Guide To Phlebotomy (1st ed., pp. 18-28). NHCO, National Healthcare Certification Organization.
  2. (2024, May 15). About Plague. CDC. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/plague/about/index.html
  3. (n.d.). Break the Chain of Infection. Infection Prevention. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break-the-chain-of-infection/
  4. (2024, February 5). Epidemic vs. Pandemic: What’s the Difference? Health. Retrieved November 11, 2024, from https://www.health.com/condition/infectious-diseases/epidemic-vs-pandemic
  5. (2022, January 22). Epidemic, Pandemic and Endemic: What's the Difference? American Lung Association. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://www.lung.org/blog/epidemic-pandemic-endemic-covid
  6. (2024, March 29). Plague of Athens’ Cause Remains a Mystery. National Institute Of Health. Retrieved November 15, 2024, from https://nihrecord.nih.gov/2024/03/29/plague-athens-cause-remains-mystery
  7. (2009, October 1). The plague of Athens: Epidemiology and paleopathology. Https://Pubmed.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19787658/. Retrieved November 15, 2024, from https://nihrecord.nih.gov/2024/03/29/plague-athens-cause-remains-mystery
  8. (2023, January 31). The worst epidemics and pandemics in history. LiveScience. Retrieved November 11, 2024, from https://www.livescience.com/worst-epidemics-and-pandemics-in-history.html
  9. (n.d.). The Antonine Plague: Understanding the Impact on Ancient Rome. The Roman Empire. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://roman-empire.net/the-antonine-plague-understanding-the-impact-on-ancient-rome/
  10. (2020, June 1). The Justinianic Plague. Origins, Current Events In Historical Perspective. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/covid-justinianic-plague-lessons
  11. (n.d.). Yersinia Pestis. Science Direct. Retrieved November 19, 2024, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/yersinia-pestis
  12. (2023, March 28). Black Death. History. Retrieved November 11, 2024, from https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death
  13. (n.d.). Great Plague of 1665-1666. National Archives. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://www.historyadventures.co/the-spread-and-symptoms-of-the-black-death/
  14. (n.d.). Great Plague of 1665-1666. National Archives. Retrieved November 22, 2024, from https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/great-plague/
  15. (2021, December 21). Pandemics That Changed History. History. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/pandemics-timeline
  16. (2019, April 17). The Third Plague Pandemic in Europe. National Library Of Medicine. Retrieved November 22, 2024, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6501942/
  17. (2022, February 4). The enigma of the 1889 Russian flu pandemic: A coronavirus? National Library Of Medicine. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8813723/
  18. (2009, October 1). The plague of Athens: Epidemiology and paleopathology. Https://Pubmed.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19787658/. Retrieved November 15, 2024, from https://nihrecord.nih.gov/2024/03/29/plague-athens-cause-remains-mystery
  19. (2018, October 15). Polio: A 20th century epidemic. Science Museum. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/polio-20th-century-epidemic
  20. (n.d.). 1918 Influenza Pandemic (Spanish Flu). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved November 22, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21777-spanish-flu
  21. (n.d.). 1957-1958 Pandemic (H2N2 virus). CDC - Center Of Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1957-1958-pandemic.html
  22. (n.d.). Asian Flu (1957 Influenza Pandemic). Sino Biological. Retrieved November 22, 2024, from https://www.sinobiological.com/research/virus/1957-influenza-pandemic-asian-flu
  23. (n.d.). Hong Kong Flu (1968 Influenza Pandemic). SinoBiological. Retrieved November 13, 2024, from https://www.sinobiological.com/research/virus/1968-influenza-pandemic-hong-kong-flu
  24. (2024, June 20). AIDS Crisis Timeline. History. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/hiv-aids-crisis-timeline
  25. (2011, September 1). Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic. Https://pmc.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Articles/PMC3234451/. Retrieved November 12, 2024
  26. (n.d.). What is HIV/AIDS? DC Health. Retrieved November 22, 2024, from https://dchealth.dc.gov/page/what-hivaids
  27. (2024, May 1). History of Smallpox. CDC. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html 
  28. (2023, April 7). Smallpox. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved November 25, 2024, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox
  29. (n.d.). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). AMerican Lung Association. Retrieved November 25, 2024, from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars
  30. (n.d.). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). World Health Organization. Retrieved November 25, 2024, from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
  31. (2016, June 28). Origins of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in swine in Mexico. National Library Of Medicine. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4957980/#abstract2
  32. (2023, April 20). Ebola virus disease. World Health Organization. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease
  33. (2023, January 12). Ebola: Overview, history, origins and transmission. UK Health Security Agency. Retrieved November 25, 2024, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ebola-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines/ebola-overview-history-origins-and-transmission
  34. (n.d.). Symptoms of COVID-19. CDC. Retrieved November 25, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/covid/signs-symptoms/index.html
  35. (2019, April 25). Bubonic plague: The first pandemic. Science Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2024, from https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/bubonic-plague-first-pandemic
  36.  (n.d.). Prevention and Treatment. CDC. Retrieved November 14, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html
  37. (2024, July 8). The AIDS Epidemic in the United States, 1981-early 1990s. CDC. Retrieved November 14, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/museum/online/story-of-cdc/aids/index.html
  38. (n.d.). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. World Health Organization. Retrieved November 14, 2024, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  39. (2003). Smallpox Surveillance Protocol. West Virginia Department Of Health, 1-15. https://doi.org/2003
  40. (2024, October 23). Bioterrorism and smallpox. CDC. Retrieved November 25, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/bioterrorism
  41. (2016, February 5). Ebola Virus Disease: Preparedness and Infection Control Lessons Learned from Two Biocontainment Units. National Library Of Medicine. Retrieved November 26, 2024, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4743738
  42. (2023, January 23). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Requirement for Healthcare Personnel. California Department Of Public Health. Retrieved November 26, 2024, from https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/Pages/AFL-21-34

© All Rights Reserved
PhlebCE.com 2024

Company
Learn More
Legal
Connect with us