Bleeding

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Course Objectives
  • Identify the components of blood and how they play a role in the management of bleeding 
  • Describe the stages of hemorrhage and the associated signs and symptoms 
  • Explain how to manage patients with severe blood loss
Course Content
Course Creator: Kirsten Hermens, NCMA-P 
Course Content Editor: Nichelle Volker RMA 
Total CE Hours: 1 Credit Hour 
Pace Course #: 586-2803-26 
 
Key Terms: 
Agglutinate 
Auscultate 
Basophils 
Clexane 
Eosinophils 
Erythrocytes 
Hemophilia 
Hemorrhage 
Homeostasis 
Hypotension 
Hypovolemia 
Lymphocytes 
Monocytes 
Neutrophils 
Palpate 
Perfusion Pressure 
Reticulocytes 
Shock  
Tachycardia 
Thrombocytes 
Vasoconstriction 

Outline: 
  • Introduction
  • Key Terminology
  • Components of blood
    • What is blood?
      • RBCs
      •  WBCs
        • Numonic for WBCs 
        • Thrombocytes
        •  Plasma
      • Blood volume
    •  Function of blood 
      • Transportation
      •  Perfusion Pressure
    •  Types of bleeding
      • Types of bleeding and severity 
        • Internal non-traumatic bleeds
        • Internal hemorrhage 
          • Types of internal hemorrhage
        •  External - Capillary
        •  External - Venous
        •  External - Arterial 
          • Types of external Hemorrhage
      •  Scenario 
        • Application 
      • Physiological response to bleeding
      •  Medications that increase bleeding
      •  Recognizing life-threatening bleeding
      •  Hemorrhagic Shock
      •  3 stages of shock 
        • Stage 1
        •  Stage 2
        •  Stage 3
      •  Scenario
        • Application 
    • Trauma Management and Solutions
      • Mechanism of injury 
        • How the injury occurred
        •  Impact velocity
        •  Where the injury occurred
      •  PPE
      •  On-Scene assessment 
        • First aid 
          • Circulation
          •  Airway
          •  Breathing
        •  Level of consciousness
        •  Pain
        •  Transport
      •  Bleeding management 
        • Internal
        •  Ear and nose
        •  Body temperature
        •  Holding pressure
        •  Hematoma prevention during venipuncture
        •  Dressing
        •  Packing wounds
        •  Tourniquest application
        •  Limb splints
        •  Air splints
        •  Skeletal Splints
  •  Blood types and transfusion safety
    •  Physical exam
      • Special considerations
        • Pediatric
        •  Geriatric
    •  Documentation
  • Case scenarios
    • Scenario
      • Application
    •  Scenario
      • Application
    •  Scenario
      • Application
  • Lesson Takeaways

References:

  1. Cleveland Clinic. (2023, March 17). Blood. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24836-blood
  2. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2024, December 21). Blood biochemistry. https://www.britannica.com/science/blood-biochemistry
  3. MedlinePlus. (2024, January 17). Blood. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://medlineplus.gov/blood.html(Replaces 2017 Healthline article)
  4. Cleveland Clinic. (2022, May 9). Perfusion. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23135-perfusion-pressure
  5. Medical News Today. (2021, June 30). Types of bleeding. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-bleeding
  6. Cleveland Clinic. (2022, April 25). Bleeding into the skin. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22820-bleeding-into-the-skin
  7. Merck Manual Consumer Version. (2025). Overview of bleeding. https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/bleeding-disorders/overview-of-bleeding (Replaces Human Diseases and Conditions, 2017)
  8. Cleveland Clinic. (2024, April 24). Hemorrhage. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/hemorrhage
  9. Verywell Health. (2024, November 30). Internal bleeding: Signs, symptoms, and complications. https://www.verywellhealth.com/internal-bleeding-signs-symptoms-complications-4172951
  10. Hooper, N., & Armstrong, T. J. (2022). Hemorrhagic shock. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470382/ (Replaces the 2016 version; continuously updated NCBI chapter)
  11. EMS1. (2024, June 26). A basic overview of shock for EMS. https://www.ems1.com/medical-clinical/articles/a-basic-overview-of-shock-for-ems-ruVOZ8HOYPTDeYCm/
  12. International Academies of Emergency Dispatch. (2019, August 5). Mechanism of injury. IAED Journal. https://www.iaedjournal.org/mechanism-of-injury
  13. OpenStax. (2023). Work, energy, and power [Illustration]. In College Physics 2e. https://openstax.org/details/books/college-physics-2e (Replaces Bing image citation with an openly licensed educational illustration.)
  14. Healthline. (2020, September 25). ABC first aid. https://www.healthline.com/health/abc-first-aid
  15. EMS1. (2024, April 8). Use the AVPU scale to determine a patient's level of consciousness. https://www.ems1.com/ems-training/articles/use-avpu-scale-to-determine-a-patients-level-of-consciousness-FVpjgzNGwSJAGoeQ/
  16. First Aid for Free. (2023, December 13). What does OPQRST stand for in first aid? https://www.firstaidforfree.com/what-does-opqrst-stand-for-in-first-aid/
  17. Red Lasso. (2022, January 1). How long can a tourniquet be left on? https://www.redlasso.com/how-long-can-a-tourniquet-be-left-on/

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