Implications of ABO Group and Rh Status on Disease

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Course Objectives
The purpose of this article is to be able to:

  1. Explain the intricacies of ABO blood groups and Rh status
  2. Outline emerging researching into disease susceptibility and severity in relation to blood groups
  3. Recognize the phlebotomist’s role in identifying blood group and Rh status
Course Content
Course Creator: Nichelle Volker RMA
Total CE Hours: 1 Credit Hour
Pace Course #: 586-2218-25
  • Background
  • Karl Landsteiner
    • Discovery of ABO
    • Discovery of Rh Factor
      • Rh phenotypes
    • Modern Applications and Testing 
    • Common testing purposes
    • Blood testing materials
    • Lab processing technique
    • Researching Connecting Disease Severity and Susceptibility to ABO and Rh Groups 
  • 2021 Swedish Study
    • Table A
    • Table B
    • Digestive System Diseases
      • Crohn’s Disease
      • E. Coli infection
      • H. Pylori infection
    • Cardiovascular and Hematologic Diseases
      • Venous Thrombosis
      • Venous Thromboembolism
      • Beta-thalassemia
    • Maleria
      • O group resistance
      • Blood group A trisaccharides rosetting receptors
    • Cholera
      • Increased severity within O group
      • A and O comparative analysis
    • Pancreatic Cancer
      • A versus non A long term outcomes
    • COVID-19
      • O group protective component
      • A group increased severity
      • Rh increased severity
  • Theories and Rationale
    • More research needed
    • Varying levels of oligosaccharides 
    • Varying levels of ACE receptors
    • Varying levels of D-dimer levels
    • Varying levels of coagulation factors
  • Direct Causes of Disease from ABO or Rh Factor
    • ABO incompatibility
      • Overview
      • Symptoms
      • Treatment
    • Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn due to Anti-D antibodies
      • Overview
      • Symptoms
      • Treatment

References: 
  1. Dean, L. (2005). The ABO blood group. Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/
  2. Harbison, Corey, "Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943)". Embryo Project Encyclopedia ( 2017-02-17 ). ISSN: 1940-5030 https://hdl.handle.net/10776/11422
  3. The RH system. (n.d.). NHS Blood Donation. https://www.blood.co.uk/why-give-blood/demand-for-different-blood-types/the-rh-system/
  4. Roberts, T., DNP. (2023, March 18). Introduction to Blood Types (B. Sullivan MD, Ed.). Retrieved November 6, 2024, from https://openmd.com/guide/blood-types
  5. Dean, L. (2005). The ABO blood group. Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/
  6. Cleveland Clinic Laboratories. (2024, November 6). Type and screen | Cleveland Clinic Laboratories. https://clevelandcliniclabs.com/test/type-and-screen/
  7. Cooling, L. (2015). Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(3), 801–870. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00109-14
  8. Dahlén, T., Clements, M., Zhao, J., Olsson, M. L., & Edgren, G. (2021). An agnostic study of associations between ABO and RhD blood group and phenome-wide disease risk. eLife, 10. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.65658
  9. Jiang, F., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., & Song, T. (2024). Associations Between ABO Blood Groups and Diseases in the Digestive System and Vein. International journal of general medicine, 17, 1185–1191. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S451087
  10. Forni, D., Cleynen, I., et al. (2013). ABO histo-blood group might modulate predisposition to Crohn’s disease and affect disease behavior. Journal of Crohn S and Colitis, 8(6), 489–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2013.10.014
  11. Chen, Y., Chen, C., Ke, X., Xiong, L., Shi, Y., Li, J., Tan, X., & Ye, S. (2014). Analysis of circulating cholesterol levels as a mediator of an association between ABO blood group and coronary heart disease. Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics, 7(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1161/circgenetics.113.000299
  12. Zhang, H., Mooney, C. J., & Reilly, M. P. (2012). ABO Blood Groups and Cardiovascular Diseases. International journal of vascular medicine, 2012, 641917. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/641917
  13. Sinha, P. A., Mulkutkar, S. H., & Bhavani, J. B. (2017). Study of distribution of ABO blood groups in ß-thalassemia patients. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(8), 3479–3483. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173545 Colledge, H. (2017, June 23). ABO incompatibility reaction (D. Murrell MD, Ed.). Healthline. Retrieved November 6, 2024, from https://www.healthline.com/health/abo-incompatibility
  14. McQuaid, F., & Rowe, J. A. (2020). Rosetting revisited: a critical look at the evidence for host erythrocyte receptors in Plasmodium falciparum rosetting. Parasitology, 147(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182019001288
  15. Rowe, J. A., Opi, D. H., & Williams, T. N. (2009). Blood groups and malaria: fresh insights into pathogenesis and identification of targets for intervention. Current opinion in hematology, 16(6), 480–487. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0b013e3283313de0
  16. Harris, J. B., & LaRocque, R. C. (2016). Cholera and ABO Blood Group: Understanding an Ancient Association. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 95(2), 263–264. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0440
  17. Tanaka, Y., Kumagi, T., Terao, T., Kuroda, T., Yokota, T., Azemoto, N., Imamura, Y., Uesugi, K., Kisaka, Y., Shibata, N., Koizumi, M., Ohno, Y., Kanemitsu, K., Yukimoto, A., Tange, K., Nishiyama, M., Miyake, T., Miyata, H., Ishii, H., Abe, M., … Ehime Pancreato-Cholangiology (EPOCH) Study Group (2020). ABO Blood Type and the Long-term Outcomes of Pancreatic Cancer. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 59(6), 761–768. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.3748-19
  18. Abuawwad, M. T., Taha, M. J. J., Abu-Ismail, L., Alrubasy, W. A., Sameer, S. K., Abuawwad, I. T., Al-Bustanji, Y., & Nashwan, A. J. (2023). Effects of ABO blood groups and RH-factor on COVID-19 transmission, course and outcome: A review. Frontiers in medicine, 9, 1045060. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1045060
  19. Nassar GN, Vadakekut ES, Wehbe C. Erythroblastosis Fetalis. [Updated 2024 Aug 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513292/
  20. Hall V, Vadakekut ES, Avulakunta ID. Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn. [Updated 2024 Jun 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557423/

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